Document Type

Thesis

Date of Degree Completion

Spring 2024

Degree Name

Master of Science (MS)

Department

Nutrition

Committee Chair

Tafere Belay

Second Committee Member

David Gee

Third Committee Member

Nicole Stendell-Hollis

Abstract

Iron deficiency (ID) is well recognized as the most prevalent nutrient insufficiency and a leading cause of anemia. Women of reproductive age (WRA), females 15 to 49, are at an increased risk of ID and anemia. This is due to the heightened iron demands of this life stage, including puberty, menstruation, and pregnancy, which require iron intakes ranging from 15 to 27 mg/day. Poor health and nutrition increase the risk of ID and progression to anemia. Consequences of ID and anemia range from exhaustion and decreased cognitive function to an increased risk of mortality. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of ID and anemia among WRA in the United States. Additionally, demographic, socioeconomic, and health factors were investigated to assess their relationship with anemia. Utilizing data from the 2015 to 2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the research employed ferritin as an iron marker for evaluating deficiency and hemoglobin concentration for assessing anemia. The sample, consisting of 5,592 nonpregnant WRA, revealed a prevalence of 13.1% for ID and 14.3% for anemia. Average hemoglobin concentration was 13.3 g/dL. Statistical analyses, including independent t-tests, multivariate linear and logistic regression models, and chi-square tests, explored the relationships between anemia and demographic, socioeconomic, and health factors. The study identified significant associations between ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and hemoglobin concentration (p < 0.0001). Notably, differences in means for ferritin, sTfR, C-reactive protein, serum folate, and serum zinc were observed between those with or without anemia (p < 0.05). Chi-square analysis further emphasized significant links between anemia and the dietary intake of vitamin B12, zinc, copper, and selenium (p < 0.05). These findings underscore the persistent prevalence of ID and anemia among WRA in the United States. Results also emphasize the importance of investigating the underlying mechanisms behind iron and other nutrients. Future research should assess the status and intake of these nutrients to inform comprehensive treatment and nutrition counseling strategies for anemia.

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